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In contrast to the Awareness findings, the other subscales performed reasonably well in terms of internal consistency, convergent validity (in the case of the short forms), and incremental and predictive utility. s06(G}z9h8=]M*.Lp fgg8MfJB6K6&}qH CUde=QkOj#k#nyC,44N2]%
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This prospective component is admittedly limited in several ways; we were not able to distinguish between treatment completers and treatment drop-outs, and only one index of clinical severity (clinician-rated CGI) was available. Model fit was acceptable, 2(375) = 1016.70; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.97. The future of emotion regulation research: capturing context. All factor analyses and structural models were tested using MPlus 7.0 with an estimator appropriate for categorical response scales (WLSMV). Future research should also clarify the mechanisms by which the DERS predicts treatment outcome, with the ultimate goal of deriving specific implications for treatment. 0000229347 00000 n
Psychol. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the construct validity of the measure within the Gratz and Roemer (2004) framework and are broadly consistent with theoretical models that highlight emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor for emotional disorders (e.g., Gross and Muoz, 1995). Notably, studies that have attempted to fit a higher-order factor in addition to the six lower-order factors have generally found relatively poor fit, although fit is again improved when the Awareness items are excluded (Bardeen et al., 2012; Fowler et al., 2014). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in the original development and validation study suggested a six- or seven-factor structure. Psychol. After establishing the best-fitting baseline model for the DERS-36, we assessed the extent to which each short form conformed to that model using confirmatory structural equation modeling. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), that captures individual tendencies to reappraise and to suppress the expression of emotions, was also developed. For each short form, its subscale scores were entered on the first step and the DERS-36 subscales were entered on the second step. Clin. 0000005160 00000 n
doi: 10.1177/1745691612459518, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. In a third model that included treatment outcome data, the general factor and the Goals factor each predicted outcome even after clinical severity at intake and the other specific factors were controlled. <>]/P 71 0 R/Pg 1352 0 R/S/Link>> Diagnostic status was established via the DIAMOND (Tolin et al., 2018), a semi-structured diagnostic interview that includes modules for DSM-5 anxiety, depressive, bipolar and related, obsessive-compulsive and related, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and other disorders that are not a focus of the present study (e.g., schizophrenia spectrum disorders; feeding and eating disorders; substance use and addictive disorders). Assess. In particular, clinicians should pay special attention to participants reports of their ability to engage in goal-directed cognition and behavior when distressed (i.e., Goals score) as this appears to have unique incremental predictive power beyond other subscales and the general factor. As such, these participants may have had more opportunity to improve relative to baseline compared to participants who had already mastered these skills. 0000011882 00000 n
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J. Anxiety Disord. 2 0 obj
To disentangle difficult questions about validity, future research on the DERS should include other validated self-report measures of emotion regulation as well as measures of constructs that are represented within the DERS but which are not defined as emotion regulation per se within the broader emotion regulation literature (e.g., Gross, 1998; Sheppes et al., 2015), such as alexithymia (Clarity), self-control (Impulse), and cognitive control or self-control (Goals). The measure is scored such that higher scores reflect greater impairment or dysregulation. The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) measures the processes that adolescents use to recognize, monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions. endobj
Years of research have illustrated that emotion regulation plays a prominent role in the psychological development and mental health of children [1-3].Emotion regulation refers to the process by which a person attempts to reduce, maintain, or increase an emotion [].Thus, emotion regulation encompasses a wide range of conscious and unconscious physiological, behavioral, social . 0000279872 00000 n
The general factor and one specific factor (Goals) also prospectively predicted treatment outcome following a naturalistic course of outpatient cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in a subset of participants (n = 202) for whom discharge data were available. This research should also clarify which facets of the Goals construct (i.e., cognitive control versus self-regulation of behavior) are most strongly predictive of treatment outcome. (2014). 30, 469480. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., and Swinson, R. P. (1998). 23, 591599. Psychol. This sample provides an ecologically valid context for assessing the psychometric properties of the DERS, which is based on a clinically derived model of emotion regulation and often used in similar clinical contexts. <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> Nevertheless, the DERS-36 explained a small (13%) but significant percentage of variance in several clinical variables beyond variance explained by each short form, suggesting that some potentially useful information may be lost with the reduction of scale length. It is a widely used measure of emotion regulation, but its factor structure has rarely been examined outside of university student samples, and some authors have recently . 34, 393404. Scoring: Items 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 make up the Cognitive Reappraisal facet. 26, 4154. (2013). 4 0 obj
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Open J. Psychiatr. The DERS-36 accounted for a small but significant additional portion of the variance (23%) in depression for all three short forms. A model that includes a higher-order general distress factor represented by the total score also shows good fit (Henry and Crawford, 2005). doi: 10.1002/jclp.21876, Gratz, K. L., and Roemer, L. (2004). Taken together, these findings suggest that after excluding the Awareness subscale, the DERS demonstrates good internal consistency, a robust bifactor structure that is consistent with the commonly used subscales, and good evidence of incremental and predictive utility. In a sample of 50 adults with bipolar disorder, the Strategies subscale was uniquely (incrementally) associated with depression severity after comorbidity and the other subscales were controlled. endobj
Affective science-based frameworks tend to conceptualize emotion regulation more narrowly and tend to focus more on process than on presumed trait-level abilities (Gross, 1998, 2015; Aldao, 2013; Gross and Jazaieri, 2014). Drawing upon decades of experience, RAND provides research services, systematic analysis, and innovative thinking to a global clientele that includes government agencies, foundations, and private-sector firms. Participants were N = 427 adults (59% women; M age = 36.00, SD = 14.39; 85% White; 3% Black; 3% multiracial; 8% Latino/a) who presented for treatment at an outpatient clinic between September 2014 and January 2017 and diagnosed with one or more DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) anxiety-related, depressive, bipolar, obsessive-compulsive and related, or trauma- and stressor-related disorders. endobj 64, 11521168. The presence of a general factor suggests the possibility of a latent emotion regulation construct underlying the DERS, although this possibility will need to be explored in future research aimed at testing the convergent and discriminant validity of the general factor vis--vis other measures of emotion regulation. A series of structural equation models (SEMs) demonstrated unique incremental contributions of the general factor and several specific factors to explaining concurrent clinical severity. Objective: The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective emotion ability, as defined by a prominent clinically derived model of emotion regulation (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). doi: 10.1177/2167702614536164, Gross, J. J., and Muoz, R. F. (1995). 0000187383 00000 n
<> (1998). Future research should also carefully examine the Strategies subscale, which performed well in the present study but includes depression-related content (e.g., When Im upset, I believe that Ill end up feeling very depressed; When Im upset, I start to feel very bad about myself), which may inflate validity estimates. "A new selfreport measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire," Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 2, 2007, pp. To test predictive utility, we expanded the SEM to include discharge CGI, which allowed us to test the unique contributions of each DERS factor to clinical outcome beyond variance explained by baseline clinical severity. Volume DHEW Publ No ADM 76, 338 (Rockville, MD: U.S. National Institute of Health), 218222. (2016). However, the replicability of this finding and its generalizability to other clinical populations has not been assessed, nor has the extent to which any specific factors incrementally predict relevant clinical variables above variance explained by the general factor. doi: 10.1177/1073191116638410, Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., and Roemer, L. (2007). 42, 893898. Applicable grade levels. 151 0 obj Model comparison significance testing was conducted using the DIFFTEST command, which is appropriate for models that use the WLSMV estimator (Muthn and Muthn, 19982017). Although the DERS is often used in treatment and research settings for adults with emotional (i.e., anxiety, mood, obsessive-compulsive, or trauma-related) disorders . 11, 379405. (2018). 0000006542 00000 n
Candidate, Pardee RAND Graduate School, Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND; Ph.D. Student, Pardee RAND Graduate School. J. Psychopathol. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. ]K9}G4j@T9J7#{8w}@lvK2mW: A}mW5L=W;peY^iV;N^&nf`HFy,KX&>rNfk0v@
k Construct validity and factor structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale among adults with severe mental illness. Conclusion: With the Awareness items excluded, the DERS showed good internal consistency and a robust bifactor latent structure. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026, Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., and Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012). (2013). When clinical severity was added to the model, a solution that permitted both the general and specific factors to predict variance provided a superior fit to the data compared to a model where only the general factor was allowed to predict variance, providing further support for the bifactor model. endobj As described above, compared to the original six-factor solution (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and the popular five-factor solution with Awareness excluded (Bardeen et al., 2012; Fowler et al., 2014; Osborne et al., 2017), a bifactor solution (comprised of one general DERS factor and five specific factors representing the variance that is unique to each subscale) best fit the data. 5 0 obj Taken together, these findings suggest that useful information may be gleaned both from the total score and from the subscale scores. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4, Gross, J. J. Specifically, we examined the internal consistency of the short form subscales, their convergent validity and factor structure vis--vis the original measure, and the extent to which each short form was comparable to the full DERS in terms of ability to account for variance in the clinical measures. 0000008048 00000 n
The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a multidimensional questionnaire constructed in order to identify the cognitive emotion regulation strategies (or cognitive coping strategies) someone uses after having experienced negative events or situations. endobj Assess. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Behav. Pb4(lO{cCEM,+PS;NJs;uAv86omT!`E>wcRt&*8RZ~VG 7a_ VF+&z
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Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: an internet study. The WLSMV estimator was used for all analyses to account for the categorical response scales. 0000014299 00000 n
Consequently, an increasing number of studies and at least one short form (Bjureberg et al., 2016; DERS-16) exclude this subscale and its items from analysis. <>]/P 975 0 R/Pg 1361 0 R/S/Link>> An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. 115, 850855. Adolescents. 98, 298309. Res. A bifactor structure consisting of one general emotion dysregulation factor and five uncorrelated specific factors corresponding to the original DERS subscales (excluding Awareness) provided the best fit. Behav. These findings were conceptually replicated in a study that attempted to address possible psychometric problems related to reverse-scored items by rewording the items prior to administration (Bardeen et al., 2016). The present paper aims to address both gaps in the literature. The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Hartford HealthCare (HHC) Institutional Review Board. 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